8051 Microcontroller Calculator Assembly Code Execution Time Estimator

Analyze the performance of your 8051 assembly code for arithmetic operations.

8051 Assembly Code Performance Calculator

Estimate the instruction cycles and execution time for a sequence of arithmetic operations on an 8051 microcontroller, along with an approximate ROM footprint.

Assumed Cycles per Operation (for 8-bit)

What is Assembly Code for Calculator Using 8051 Microcontroller?

The phrase “assembly code for calculator using 8051 microcontroller” refers to the process of developing a basic arithmetic calculator application by writing programs in the 8051 microcontroller’s native assembly language. This involves implementing fundamental operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division directly using the 8051’s instruction set. Unlike high-level languages, assembly code provides direct control over the microcontroller’s hardware, registers, and memory, making it ideal for resource-constrained embedded systems where performance and memory footprint are critical.

Who Should Use It?

• Embedded Systems Developers: Professionals working on deeply embedded systems where every byte of memory and every clock cycle counts.
• Microcontroller Students: Those learning the fundamentals of microcontroller architecture, instruction sets, and low-level programming.
• Hobbyists and Enthusiasts: Individuals interested in understanding how basic digital calculators function at a hardware-near level and building custom embedded projects.
• Optimizing Performance: Developers needing to squeeze maximum performance out of an 8051 for time-critical operations.

Common Misconceptions

• It’s for Complex GUIs: An 8051 calculator in assembly is typically character-based (e.g., on an LCD) or uses simple LED displays, not graphical user interfaces.
• It’s Easy to Debug: Debugging assembly code can be challenging due to its low-level nature and lack of high-level abstractions.
• It’s Always Faster: While hand-optimized assembly can be faster, poorly written assembly can be slower than optimized C code. The key is careful design and optimization.
• It’s Obsolete: While modern microcontrollers are more powerful, the 8051 remains a popular choice for educational purposes and simple, cost-effective embedded applications, making its assembly code still relevant for specific niches.

Assembly Code for Calculator Using 8051 Microcontroller: Formula and Mathematical Explanation

When developing assembly code for a calculator using an 8051 microcontroller, understanding the execution time of your arithmetic routines is paramount. This calculator estimates the total instruction cycles and execution time based on the number of operations and the assumed cycles per operation. The 8051’s performance is directly tied to its oscillator frequency and the number of machine cycles each instruction or routine consumes.

Step-by-Step Derivation of Execution Time

1. Determine Cycles per Operation Type: Each arithmetic operation (ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV) implemented in 8051 assembly will consume a specific number of machine cycles. Simple 8-bit operations might take few cycles, while software-implemented multiplication and division routines can take hundreds.
2. Calculate Total Cycles for Each Type: Multiply the number of times an operation occurs by its assumed cycles per operation.
   • Cycles_ADD_Total = Number of ADD Operations × Cycles per ADD
   • Cycles_SUB_Total = Number of SUB Operations × Cycles per SUB
   • Cycles_MUL_Total = Number of MUL Operations × Cycles per MUL
   • Cycles_DIV_Total = Number of DIV Operations × Cycles per DIV
3. Sum Total Instruction Cycles: Add up the total cycles for all operation types to get the grand total.

   Total Instruction Cycles = Cycles_ADD_Total + Cycles_SUB_Total + Cycles_MUL_Total + Cycles_DIV_Total

4. Calculate Machine Cycle Time: An 8051 microcontroller typically requires 12 oscillator periods for one machine cycle. Therefore, the time for one machine cycle is:

   Machine Cycle Time (µs) = 12 / Oscillator Frequency (MHz)

   For example, if the frequency is 12 MHz, Machine Cycle Time = 12 / 12 = 1 µs.

5. Calculate Total Execution Time: Multiply the Total Instruction Cycles by the Machine Cycle Time.

   Total Execution Time (µs) = Total Instruction Cycles × Machine Cycle Time (µs)

Variable Explanations and Table

The following variables are crucial for estimating the performance of assembly code for a calculator using an 8051 microcontroller:

Key Variables for 8051 Performance Estimation

Variable	Meaning	Unit	Typical Range
Oscillator Frequency	The clock speed of the 8051 microcontroller.	MHz	1 to 33 MHz
Number of Operations	The count of each specific arithmetic operation (ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV) performed.	Count	0 to thousands
Cycles per Operation	The estimated number of 8051 machine cycles required for a single instance of an operation.	Cycles	ADD/SUB: 1-8, MUL: 100-250, DIV: 150-350
Total Instruction Cycles	The sum of all machine cycles for the entire sequence of operations.	Cycles	Tens to millions
Machine Cycle Time	The duration of one 8051 machine cycle.	Microseconds (µs)	0.36 to 12 µs
Total Execution Time	The total time taken to execute the specified sequence of operations.	Microseconds (µs)	Tens to thousands of µs

Practical Examples: Real-World Use Cases for 8051 Calculator Assembly Code

Understanding the performance of assembly code for a calculator using an 8051 microcontroller is vital for designing responsive embedded systems. Here are a couple of practical examples:

Example 1: Simple Calculation Sequence

Imagine a basic calculator function that performs (A + B) - C. This involves one addition and one subtraction. Let’s assume an 8051 running at 12 MHz.

• Oscillator Frequency: 12 MHz
• Number of Addition Operations: 1
• Number of Subtraction Operations: 1
• Number of Multiplication Operations: 0
• Number of Division Operations: 0
• Cycles per ADD/SUB: 4
• Cycles per MUL: 150
• Cycles per DIV: 200

Calculation:

• Total Cycles = (1 * 4) + (1 * 4) + (0 * 150) + (0 * 200) = 8 cycles
• Machine Cycle Time = 12 / 12 MHz = 1 µs
• Total Execution Time = 8 cycles * 1 µs/cycle = 8 µs

Interpretation: An 8-bit (A + B) - C operation would take approximately 8 microseconds. This is extremely fast, suitable for real-time input processing in a simple calculator.

Example 2: Complex Calculation with Multiplication and Division

Consider a more complex calculation like (X * Y) / Z, which might be part of a scientific calculator or a control algorithm. Let’s use a common 8051 frequency of 11.0592 MHz.

• Oscillator Frequency: 11.0592 MHz
• Number of Addition Operations: 0
• Number of Subtraction Operations: 0
• Number of Multiplication Operations: 1
• Number of Division Operations: 1
• Cycles per ADD/SUB: 4
• Cycles per MUL: 180 (slightly higher estimate for a robust routine)
• Cycles per DIV: 250 (slightly higher estimate for a robust routine)

Calculation:

• Total Cycles = (0 * 4) + (0 * 4) + (1 * 180) + (1 * 250) = 430 cycles
• Machine Cycle Time = 12 / 11.0592 MHz ≈ 1.085 µs
• Total Execution Time = 430 cycles * 1.085 µs/cycle ≈ 466.55 µs

Interpretation: A single 8-bit multiplication followed by a division takes nearly half a millisecond. While still fast for human interaction, this highlights that software-implemented complex operations can introduce noticeable delays in time-critical applications. Optimizing the assembly code for a calculator using an 8051 microcontroller for these operations is crucial.

How to Use This 8051 Assembly Code Performance Calculator

This calculator is designed to help you estimate the performance characteristics of your assembly code for a calculator using an 8051 microcontroller. Follow these steps to get accurate insights:

Step-by-Step Instructions:

1. Input Oscillator Frequency: Enter the clock frequency of your 8051 microcontroller in MHz. Common values are 11.0592, 12, or 24.
2. Enter Number of Operations: For each arithmetic type (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division), input the estimated number of times that operation will occur in the code segment you are analyzing.
3. Adjust Cycles per Operation: The calculator provides default values for cycles per operation (e.g., 4 for ADD/SUB, 150 for MUL, 200 for DIV). These are typical estimates for 8-bit operations. If you have specific knowledge of your routine’s cycle counts (e.g., from simulation or datasheet), adjust these values for greater accuracy.
4. Real-time Calculation: The results will update automatically as you change any input field.
5. Use Reset Button: Click “Reset Values” to revert all inputs to their default settings.
6. Copy Results: Use the “Copy Results” button to quickly copy all key outputs and assumptions to your clipboard for documentation or sharing.

How to Read Results:

• Total Estimated Instruction Cycles: This is the primary highlighted result, indicating the total number of machine cycles your specified operations will consume. A lower number means more efficient code.
• Total Estimated Execution Time (µs): This shows the actual time, in microseconds, that the operations will take. This is crucial for real-time system design and ensuring responsiveness.
• Average Cycles per Arithmetic Operation: Provides an average efficiency metric across all operations.
• Estimated ROM Footprint for Routines: A rough estimate of the memory space required for typical 8-bit arithmetic routines. This helps in assessing memory usage for your assembly code for a calculator using an 8051 microcontroller.
• Detailed Cycle Contribution Table: Breaks down how many cycles each operation type contributes to the total, helping you identify performance bottlenecks.
• Cycle Distribution Chart: A visual representation of the cycle contribution, making it easy to see which operations are most demanding.

Decision-Making Guidance:

Use these results to:

• Optimize Code: If execution time is too high, focus on optimizing the operations that contribute the most cycles (often multiplication and division).
• Select Microcontroller: If performance requirements cannot be met, consider a faster 8051 variant or a different microcontroller family.
• Evaluate Algorithm Efficiency: Compare different algorithmic approaches for arithmetic operations by estimating their cycle counts.
• Plan Real-time Tasks: Ensure that your calculator’s operations complete within the deadlines of other real-time tasks in your embedded system.

Key Factors That Affect 8051 Assembly Code Calculator Performance

The performance of assembly code for a calculator using an 8051 microcontroller is influenced by several critical factors. Understanding these helps in optimizing your design and code:

1. Oscillator Frequency: This is the most direct factor. A higher oscillator frequency means a shorter machine cycle time, leading to faster execution for the same number of instruction cycles. For example, an 8051 at 24 MHz will execute code twice as fast as one at 12 MHz.
2. Instruction Set Efficiency: The 8051 has a CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) architecture. While some instructions are powerful, others might require multiple machine cycles. Efficient use of single-cycle instructions (like register-to-register moves) and avoiding multi-cycle instructions (like MUL/DIV on enhanced 8052 or external hardware) can significantly impact speed.
3. Arithmetic Routine Implementation: For operations like multiplication and division, which are not single instructions on a standard 8051, their software implementation is crucial. Highly optimized routines (e.g., using shift-and-add for multiplication, or repeated subtraction for division) will consume fewer cycles than naive implementations. The choice of algorithm directly affects the performance of your assembly code for a calculator using an 8051 microcontroller.
4. Data Width (8-bit vs. Multi-byte): The 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller. While our calculator assumes 8-bit operations, handling 16-bit or 32-bit numbers requires multi-byte arithmetic, which involves multiple 8-bit operations, carries, and borrows. This dramatically increases the instruction cycles and execution time for each “logical” multi-byte operation.
5. Memory Access Patterns: Accessing internal RAM (IDATA/BDATA) is generally faster than accessing external RAM (XDATA) because external memory access often requires more machine cycles and can introduce wait states. Storing frequently used variables and intermediate results in internal registers or fast internal RAM can boost performance.
6. Interrupt Latency and Overhead: If your 8051 calculator operates in an environment with interrupts, the time taken to service an interrupt (latency) and the cycles consumed by the interrupt service routine (ISR) itself will add overhead. This can delay the execution of your main calculator logic, impacting its responsiveness.
7. Code Optimization Techniques: Techniques like loop unrolling, using registers instead of memory for temporary storage, minimizing jumps and calls, and careful arrangement of instructions can reduce the total cycle count. Hand-coded assembly often allows for finer-grained optimization than what a C compiler might achieve.
8. Compiler vs. Hand-coded Assembly: While C compilers for 8051 have improved, hand-coded assembly can still yield more compact and faster code for critical sections, especially for arithmetic routines. This is because a human can often exploit specific architectural nuances that a general-purpose compiler might miss.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about 8051 Calculator Assembly Code

Q: Why would I use assembly code for a calculator on an 8051 microcontroller today?

A: While modern microcontrollers are more powerful, using assembly for an 8051 calculator is excellent for learning low-level programming, understanding microcontroller architecture, and developing highly optimized code for extremely resource-constrained or time-critical applications where every instruction cycle matters. It’s also valuable for legacy system maintenance.

Q: What are typical cycle counts for basic 8051 arithmetic operations?

A: For 8-bit operations: ADD/SUB typically take 1-4 machine cycles depending on the addressing mode. Multiplication (MUL) and Division (DIV) are not single instructions on a standard 8051; software routines for these can range from 100 to 350+ machine cycles, depending on the algorithm and optimization.

Q: How does the 8051’s clock frequency affect the calculator’s performance?

A: The clock frequency directly determines the duration of each machine cycle. A higher frequency means shorter machine cycles, leading to faster execution of the same number of instruction cycles. For example, doubling the clock frequency halves the execution time for a given set of operations.

Q: Can this calculator estimate performance for 16-bit or 32-bit operations?

A: This calculator primarily assumes 8-bit operations. For 16-bit or 32-bit arithmetic, you would need to manually estimate the equivalent number of 8-bit ADD/SUB/MUL/DIV operations and adjust the “Cycles per Operation” inputs accordingly, as multi-byte arithmetic involves multiple 8-bit operations and carry/borrow handling.

Q: What is an 8051 machine cycle?

A: An 8051 machine cycle is the basic time unit for instruction execution. On a standard 8051, one machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods. Instructions can take 1, 2, or 4 machine cycles to complete.

Q: How can I optimize my 8051 assembly code for a calculator to improve performance?

A: Optimization techniques include using registers for frequently accessed data, minimizing memory access (especially external memory), choosing efficient algorithms for multiplication/division, unrolling loops, avoiding unnecessary jumps/calls, and selecting the highest possible stable oscillator frequency for your microcontroller.

Q: What are the limitations of this 8051 assembly code performance calculator?

A: This calculator provides estimates based on assumed cycles per operation. Actual performance can vary depending on the exact assembly routine implementation, specific 8051 variant (e.g., enhanced 8051s might have hardware MUL/DIV), memory access patterns, and interrupt overhead. It’s a valuable planning tool but not a precise simulator.

Q: Is the 8051 microcontroller still relevant for calculator projects?

A: Yes, for educational purposes, simple embedded systems, and projects where cost-effectiveness and low power consumption are paramount, the 8051 remains relevant. It’s an excellent platform for learning the fundamentals of microcontroller programming and hardware interaction, including developing assembly code for a calculator using an 8051 microcontroller.

Related Tools and Internal Resources

Explore more tools and guides to enhance your 8051 microcontroller projects:

• 8051 Timer Calculator: Calculate timer values and delays for your 8051 projects.
• 8051 Interrupt Priority Guide: Understand and configure interrupt priorities for complex systems.
• 8051 I/O Port Configuration Tool: Learn how to set up and manage the input/output ports of your 8051.
• 8051 Serial Communication Tutorial: A comprehensive guide to implementing UART communication on the 8051.
• 8051 ADC Interfacing Guide: Connect Analog-to-Digital Converters to your 8051 for analog input.
• 8051 LCD Interfacing Tutorial: Learn to display information using an LCD with your 8051 microcontroller.

// or include its full code. Given the strict "no external libraries" rule,
// and the complexity of implementing a full chart library from scratch,
// I will provide a minimal, illustrative Chart-like object that can draw bars.
// However, the prompt also says "Native

// --- Start of minimal Chart.js-like implementation for bar chart ---
// This is a highly simplified version to meet the "no external libraries" and "canvas" requirement.
// It lacks many features of a full chart library but demonstrates dynamic drawing.
function Chart(ctx, config) {
var self = this;
self.ctx = ctx;
self.config = config;
self.data = config.data;
self.options = config.options || {};

self.draw = function() {
var data = self.data.datasets[0].data;
var labels = self.data.labels;
var colors = self.data.datasets[0].backgroundColor;

var canvas = self.ctx.canvas;
var width = canvas.width;
var height = canvas.height;

self.ctx.clearRect(0, 0, width, height); // Clear canvas

var padding = 30;
var barWidth = (width - 2 * padding) / (data.length * 1.5);
var maxVal = Math.max.apply(null, data);
if (maxVal === 0) maxVal = 1; // Avoid division by zero if all data is zero

// Draw Y-axis and labels
self.ctx.strokeStyle = '#ccc';
self.ctx.fillStyle = '#666';
self.ctx.font = '10px Arial';
self.ctx.beginPath();
self.ctx.moveTo(padding, padding);
self.ctx.lineTo(padding, height - padding);
self.ctx.stroke();

// Y-axis ticks (simplified)
var numTicks = 5;
for (var i = 0; i <= numTicks; i++) { var y = height - padding - (i / numTicks) * (height - 2 * padding); self.ctx.beginPath(); self.ctx.moveTo(padding - 5, y); self.ctx.lineTo(padding, y); self.ctx.stroke(); self.ctx.fillText((maxVal * i / numTicks).toFixed(0), padding - 25, y + 3); } self.ctx.fillText('Instruction Cycles', padding - 25, padding - 10); // Y-axis title // Draw X-axis and labels self.ctx.beginPath(); self.ctx.moveTo(padding, height - padding); self.ctx.lineTo(width - padding, height - padding); self.ctx.stroke(); for (var i = 0; i < data.length; i++) { var barHeight = (data[i] / maxVal) * (height - 2 * padding); var x = padding + i * (barWidth * 1.5) + barWidth / 2; var y = height - padding - barHeight; self.ctx.fillStyle = colors[i % colors.length]; self.ctx.fillRect(x, y, barWidth, barHeight); self.ctx.fillStyle = '#333'; self.ctx.fillText(labels[i], x + barWidth / 2 - self.ctx.measureText(labels[i]).width / 2, height - padding + 15); } self.ctx.fillText('Operation Type', width / 2 - 40, height - padding + 30); // X-axis title }; self.update = function() { self.draw(); }; self.draw(); // Initial draw } // --- End of minimal Chart.js-like implementation --- function validateInput(id, min, max, isInteger) { var inputElement = document.getElementById(id); var errorElement = document.getElementById(id + "Error"); var value = parseFloat(inputElement.value); if (isNaN(value) || value < min || (max !== undefined && value > max) || (isInteger && value % 1 !== 0)) {
errorElement.style.display = 'block';
if (isNaN(value)) {
errorElement.textContent = "Please enter a valid number.";
} else if (value < min) { errorElement.textContent = "Value cannot be less than " + min + "."; } else if (max !== undefined && value > max) {
errorElement.textContent = "Value cannot be greater than " + max + ".";
} else if (isInteger && value % 1 !== 0) {
errorElement.textContent = "Please enter a whole number.";
}
return NaN;
} else {
errorElement.style.display = 'none';
return value;
}
}

function calculatePerformance() {
var freqMHz = validateInput("oscillatorFrequency", 1);
var numAdd = validateInput("numAddOperations", 0, undefined, true);
var numSub = validateInput("numSubOperations", 0, undefined, true);
var numMul = validateInput("numMulOperations", 0, undefined, true);
var numDiv = validateInput("numDivOperations", 0, undefined, true);
var cyclesAddSub = validateInput("cyclesPerAddSub", 1, undefined, true);
var cyclesMul = validateInput("cyclesPerMul", 1, undefined, true);
var cyclesDiv = validateInput("cyclesPerDiv", 1, undefined, true);

if (isNaN(freqMHz) || isNaN(numAdd) || isNaN(numSub) || isNaN(numMul) || isNaN(numDiv) ||
isNaN(cyclesAddSub) || isNaN(cyclesMul) || isNaN(cyclesDiv)) {
document.getElementById("totalInstructionCycles").textContent = "Invalid Input";
document.getElementById("totalExecutionTime").textContent = "Invalid Input";
document.getElementById("avgCyclesPerOperation").textContent = "Invalid Input";
document.getElementById("cyclesDetailTableBody").innerHTML = "";
updateChart(0, 0, 0, 0);
return;
}

var totalCyclesAdd = numAdd * cyclesAddSub;
var totalCyclesSub = numSub * cyclesAddSub;
var totalCyclesMul = numMul * cyclesMul;
var totalCyclesDiv = numDiv * cyclesDiv;

var totalInstructionCycles = totalCyclesAdd + totalCyclesSub + totalCyclesMul + totalCyclesDiv;

var machineCycleTimeUs = 12 / freqMHz;
var totalExecutionTimeUs = totalInstructionCycles * machineCycleTimeUs;

var totalOperations = numAdd + numSub + numMul + numDiv;
var avgCyclesPerOperation = (totalOperations > 0) ? (totalInstructionCycles / totalOperations) : 0;

// Estimated ROM footprint (fixed for simplicity, based on typical routine sizes)
var romFootprintBytes = 500; // Example: 50 bytes for ADD/SUB, 200 for MUL, 250 for DIV routines

document.getElementById("totalInstructionCycles").textContent = totalInstructionCycles.toFixed(0);
document.getElementById("totalExecutionTime").textContent = totalExecutionTimeUs.toFixed(2) + " µs";
document.getElementById("avgCyclesPerOperation").textContent = avgCyclesPerOperation.toFixed(2);
document.getElementById("romFootprint").textContent = "~" + romFootprintBytes + " Bytes";

// Update table
var tableBody = document.getElementById("cyclesDetailTableBody");
tableBody.innerHTML = ""; // Clear previous rows

var rowAdd = tableBody.insertRow();
rowAdd.insertCell(0).textContent = "ADD";
rowAdd.insertCell(1).textContent = numAdd;
rowAdd.insertCell(2).textContent = cyclesAddSub;
rowAdd.insertCell(3).textContent = totalCyclesAdd;

var rowSub = tableBody.insertRow();
rowSub.insertCell(0).textContent = "SUB";
rowSub.insertCell(1).textContent = numSub;
rowSub.insertCell(2).textContent = cyclesAddSub;
rowSub.insertCell(3).textContent = totalCyclesSub;

var rowMul = tableBody.insertRow();
rowMul.insertCell(0).textContent = "MUL";
rowMul.insertCell(1).textContent = numMul;
rowMul.insertCell(2).textContent = cyclesMul;
rowMul.insertCell(3).textContent = totalCyclesMul;

var rowDiv = tableBody.insertRow();
rowDiv.insertCell(0).textContent = "DIV";
rowDiv.insertCell(1).textContent = numDiv;
rowDiv.insertCell(2).textContent = cyclesDiv;
rowDiv.insertCell(3).textContent = totalCyclesDiv;

// Update chart
updateChart(totalCyclesAdd, totalCyclesSub, totalCyclesMul, totalCyclesDiv);
}

function resetCalculator() {
document.getElementById("oscillatorFrequency").value = "11.0592";
document.getElementById("numAddOperations").value = "10";
document.getElementById("numSubOperations").value = "5";
document.getElementById("numMulOperations").value = "2";
document.getElementById("numDivOperations").value = "1";
document.getElementById("cyclesPerAddSub").value = "4";
document.getElementById("cyclesPerMul").value = "150";
document.getElementById("cyclesPerDiv").value = "200";

// Clear error messages
var errorElements = document.getElementsByClassName("error-message");
for (var i = 0; i < errorElements.length; i++) { errorElements[i].style.display = 'none'; } calculatePerformance(); // Recalculate with default values } function copyResults() { var freqMHz = document.getElementById("oscillatorFrequency").value; var numAdd = document.getElementById("numAddOperations").value; var numSub = document.getElementById("numSubOperations").value; var numMul = document.getElementById("numMulOperations").value; var numDiv = document.getElementById("numDivOperations").value; var cyclesAddSub = document.getElementById("cyclesPerAddSub").value; var cyclesMul = document.getElementById("cyclesPerMul").value; var cyclesDiv = document.getElementById("cyclesPerDiv").value; var totalCycles = document.getElementById("totalInstructionCycles").textContent; var executionTime = document.getElementById("totalExecutionTime").textContent; var avgCycles = document.getElementById("avgCyclesPerOperation").textContent; var romFootprint = document.getElementById("romFootprint").textContent; var resultsText = "8051 Assembly Code Performance Estimate:\n\n" + "Inputs:\n" + " Oscillator Frequency: " + freqMHz + " MHz\n" + " Number of ADD Operations: " + numAdd + "\n" + " Number of SUB Operations: " + numSub + "\n" + " Number of MUL Operations: " + numMul + "\n" + " Number of DIV Operations: " + numDiv + "\n" + " Cycles per ADD/SUB: " + cyclesAddSub + "\n" + " Cycles per MUL: " + cyclesMul + "\n" + " Cycles per DIV: " + cyclesDiv + "\n\n" + "Results:\n" + " Total Estimated Instruction Cycles: " + totalCycles + "\n" + " Total Estimated Execution Time: " + executionTime + "\n" + " Average Cycles per Arithmetic Operation: " + avgCycles + "\n" + " Estimated ROM Footprint for Routines: " + romFootprint + "\n\n" + "Assumptions: 8-bit operations, software-implemented MUL/DIV routines."; navigator.clipboard.writeText(resultsText).then(function() { alert("Results copied to clipboard!"); }, function(err) { console.error('Could not copy text: ', err); alert("Failed to copy results. Please copy manually."); }); } // Initial calculation when the page loads window.onload = function() { calculatePerformance(); };